Who studies metabolic regulation these days - the flow of metabolites through competing pathways in complex biological networks, the anabolic and catabolic processes that determine tissue composition, adaptations to environmental stresses and how their failure leads to disease? Not most Biochemistry or Molecular Biology departments. It is our belief that the study of physiologic chemistry (metabolic regulation) using modern tracer techniques and metabolic control concepts can be seized by nutrition researchers interested in making fundamental contributions to biochemistry and medicine (and in being funded).

Toward this end, our laboratory has focused on measuring a variety of intracellular metabolic processes not previously accessible to study in vivo. Our goal has always been to answer questions concerning the regulation of disease-modifying pathways by diet, genes, drugs and other factors, and to apply these techniques in humans. Because methods for studying the behavior of fully assembled, living systems have lagged remarkably – in comparison to techniques for characterizing chemical structure of isolated components of these systems, for example- much effort in our laboratory is spent on methods development. Accordingly, we have developed new in vivo stable isotope-mass spectrometric methods for measuring endogenous synthesis or transport rates of biomolecules such as fatty acids, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates and proliferation rates of cells. These techniques include mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA), a universal technique for measuring polymerization biosynthesis; heavy water labeling for quantifying DNA replication and cell proliferation rates; dilution techniques for measuring reverse cholesterol transport fluxes; and methods for measuring the dynamics of brain molecules (among many others).

A number of basic questions in metabolic physiology have been addressed in this manner. Do humans convert excess carbohydrate calories to fat (surprisingly, no)? Do gene expression profiles accurately represent the flow of lipogenic and adipogenic pathways in adipose tissue of obese mice (no, pathway fluxes need to be measured)? Can the powerful effects of chronic caloric restriction on the promotional phase of carcinogenesis be replicated by alternate-day fasting regimens (yes, and even better, these regimens can be modified to permit some energy intake on the “fast” day, without loss of effects)? Can metabolic pathways in neurons in the brain be modulated and monitored for therapeutic benefit (very much so- the axonal microtubule assembly/disassembly cycle, for example, with effects on axonal transport of cargo; or new brain cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus). And so on.